Microglia is a very important cell in brain which is designated as the gatekeeper or sentinel of CNS tissue. They are very vigilant and reactive to protect the neurons and other brain cells so that we can think and work properly.

Our team studied the characteristics of microglia from infant to adult brain with their morphological modifications and functional changes in terms of cellular protein, cytokine or other factor released by the cells to interact and modulate surrounding cells including neurons. Also, we measured how microglia behaves under different cytokine environment. Interestingly, we found that, the microglia cells isolated from infant are healthiest and adaptive under different situations with high survivability.

This was a fundamental work of neuroimmunology performed in rat as the model organism and practically important to do research on microglia in artificial environment out of the body, i.e., in culture. The entire work was supported by both SERB and ICMR with their project funding.

http://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2315

Glioma is the most dangerous and aggressive type of brain cancer which shown a maximum of 12-18 months of median survival period after diagnosis. My team made a detailed cellular and molecular study on the dissected glioma samples of patients and came up with some interesting results. We found that low-grade glioma, which was thought apparently less aggressive, actually laid the foundation of invasiveness of glioma for the later stages. Based on such ground work, the later stage can show such devastating consequences in brain tissue. This was a very significant information to formulate the strategy of treatment of glioma, if detected earlier. This work was funded mainly by CSIR and partially by ICMR.

http://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-021-01096-1

Ammonia and related chemicals are always contaminating the ponds, lakes, canals and rivers due to industrial affluents, fertilizers, and many other sources. Fishes are grown in the aquatic systems or within the fish farming environment are always tolerating such ammonia and nitrogenous by-product contamination. In this part of study, we tried to observe, record and interpret the effect of ammonia on zebrafish as model organism. Here we determined the level of ammonia stress that zebrafish can tolerate and also how such contamination levels affect or alter their behaviour, as well as, to what level such ammonia become fatal to the organism. We identified the behavioural modifications which are the indicator of such stress with quantitative estimation of behavioural shifts.

With these primary findings we are now investigating how ammonia stress is related with behavioural modifications along with the underlying neurophysiological changes due to such stress.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s44339-025-00028-8

I recently published an article in Scientific Reports, Nature titled "Bacillus ayatagriensis sp. nov., a novel plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria strain isolated from the mulberry rhizosphere". This work reports the discovery and taxonomic characterization of a previously unknown Bacillus species with significant plant growth-promoting traits. Genomic and physiological analyses revealed its unique functional capabilities, suggesting promising applications in sustainable agriculture and sericulture. The study expands microbial diversity knowledge while underscoring its potential role in eco-friendly crop management.

This investigation was supported by Netaji Subhas Open University (NSOU), Kolkata and Raiganj University, Raiganj whose basic facilities and encouragement made the study possible.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-05508-w

Recently, I have published anarticle in Discrete Applied Mathematics. Its title is "A note on obtaining bipartite radio graceful graphs of arbitrarily large radio numbers with radio graceful complements" (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2025.07.012 ). This work achieves two main things.

• It proposes a recursive construction of scalable bipartite graphs of diameter three. Each graph and its complement contain Hamiltonian paths.
• This iterative construction yields radio graceful graphs of arbitrarily large vertex size without requiring big cliques. From the motivational point of view, this has an interesting similarity with the Mycielski's construction. However, the growth of the vertex size in our recursive construction is linear in contrast to theexponential growth inthe Mycielski's construction. It was further proved that the complements are also radio graceful.

We believe such recursive construction is not much explored and may have non-trivialtechnological implications, especially in areas where efficient, low-latency communication and structure are important.This work is supported by the NSOU Project granted through Memo. No. Reg/1285 dated 22/11/2021 funded by Netaji Subhas Open University, W.B., India.